Whoops!: Majority of cancers are just bad luck, not result of unhealthy lifestyle or genetics, study says

1/4/2015
Sarah Knapton

FOTOLIASome cancers have genetic or lifestyle causes, but the majority are just bad luck, a new study says.

The majority of cancers are the result of bad luck rather than unhealthy lifestyles or inherited genetic faults, a landmark study has found.

For years health experts have warned that the risk of tumours is increased by a bad diet, lack of exercise, or genes.

And the Government has set up its “100,000 Genomes Project” to try to find the genetic causes of many rare diseases and cancers.

But now a study has shown that most cancers are primarily caused by bad luck. Researchers found that two thirds of cancers are driven by random mistakes in cell division that are not influenced by lifestyle factors.

They found that the greater the need for cells to divide to stay healthy, the more likely cancer is to develop. It is the first time that scientists have been able to explain why some cancers are more common than others.

It explains why, for example, colon cancer is more prevalent than cancer of the small intestine, because cells in the colon divide twice as fast as those in the upper bowel.

Of 31 cancers studied by scientists at John Hopkins University School of Medicine in the US, just nine were found to be linked to lifestyle or genetic faults. The remaining 22 were mainly the result of “bad luck,” with DNA and behaviour having only a small impact.

The scientists claim that because it is impossible to prevent most types of cancer through behavioural changes or genetic screening, more should be done to speed up diagnosis so the disease can be spotted as early as possible.

“If two thirds of cancer incidence across tissues is explained by random DNA mutations that occur when stem cells divide, then changing our lifestyle and habits will be a huge help in preventing certain cancers, but may not be as effective for a variety of others,” said Dr Cristian Tomasetti.

“We should focus more resources on finding ways to detect such cancers at early, curable stages.”

Cell division is necessary to repair damage due to wear and tear. But sometimes one chemical letter in the DNA code is incorrectly swapped for another during the replication process which drives the production of cancerous cells. Scientists looked at the number of cell divisions of 31 types of body tissue and compared them with the overall incidence of cancer in the American population.

They found that the more cell mutations occurred, the higher the rate of cancer, suggesting that it was the number of random errors in replication that was driving the growth of tumours rather than outside environmental forces.

For example, the cells of the pancreas regenerate far more quickly than the bones in the pelvis, which is why pancreatic cancer is far more common than pelvic cancer.

However, some cancers, such as lung and skin cancer, had higher rates than their mutations should predict, suggesting that genetics or lifestyle factors had increased the risk.

Prof Bert Vogelstein, the lead researcher, said: “Cancer-free longevity in people exposed to cancer-causing agents, such as tobacco, is often attributed to their “good genes,” but the truth is that most of them simply had good luck.

“Our study shows, in general, that a change in the number of stem cell divisions in a tissue type is highly correlated with a change in the incidence of cancer in that same tissue.

“We found that the types of cancer that had higher risk than predicted by the number of stem cell divisions were precisely the ones you’d expect, including lung cancer, which is linked to smoking; skin cancer, linked to sun exposure; and forms of cancers associated with hereditary syndromes.”

Health experts said that the study demonstrates how important it is to help lower the risk of certain cancers by eating healthily, exercising and not smoking.

“While some genetic mistakes are due to bad luck, we know that our cancer risk depends on a combination of our genes, our environment and other aspects of our lives, many of which we can control,” said Dr. Emma Smith, senior science information officer at Cancer Research U.K.

“We estimate that more than four in 10 cancers could be prevented by lifestyle changes, like not smoking, keeping a healthy weight, eating a healthy diet and cutting back on alcohol.”

Prof Hans Clevers, a stem cell and cancer biologist at the Hubrecht Institute in Utrecht, the Netherlands, said the research would help patients realise that the disease was not their fault. “The average cancer patient is just unlucky,” he said. The research was published in the journal Science.

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