Wednesday, December 31, 2014

Name That Party: Lawmaker pushes for "changes" to pre-K program

12/31/2014



A bill sponsored by State Representative Sergio Munoz Jr. is offering parents a solution to a problem they've been facing for many years.
He’s part of a push for free early education, and some parents and school administrators say it’s long overdue.
“Mothers, especially like the single mothers, it would really help because they have to pay whether it's food or to get into a good school,” valley resident Gloria Cruz said.
Cruz is talking about House Bill 391.
If approved during the upcoming legislative session, it would require school districts across the state to expand pre-kindergarten classed from half a day to full day.
It’s something many school districts do not offer.
Currently, students must meet certain requirements, such as house-hold income and whether or not English is their first language.
"We need to have high quality Pre-K programs," George McShan, a trustee on the school board in Harlingen, explained.
           
McShan agrees with the bill.
           
Many parents cannot afford to put their child in school even half day, so they turn to other options, according to the school board member.
"They elect not to do so, so they are in daycares. Our grandparents, or caretakers. So children are not getting the education they really deserve early on,” McShan added.
           
He also said research proves children going to prekindergarten will close an achievement gap and prepare them to succeed in life.
           
"Effective Pre-K programs will have certain elements. That means you will have a professional staff development for teachers, standards and curriculum,” McShan said. “We need to make sure we look at the data.”
 
The 84th Texas legislative session begins January 13th.        


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Witnesses describe the massacre at Tlatlaya

12/31/2014


El Diario.mx (December 28, 2014)   Source: Reforma. Translated by un vato for Borderland Beat.
Soldiers guarding execution site
Distrito Federal.-- The military intrusion triggered an uproar inside the warehouse. Some of the armed young men were roused from their sleep by the operation.

"Surrender, sons of bitches! Mexican Army!", they were yelling outside.

"We're being hit by the contras (the rival gang)!", yelled one of the sicarios (gunmen). 

"They are not  contras, they're military!" said another.

"Wake everybody up!", yelled another young man.

"One of the guys said they should surrender, but another person said no, that they were going to get killed anyway, it was then that the people inside began to fire towards the exterior, hearing the Army yelling at them to surrender and to come out one by one with their hands on the back of their heads," recalls Cinthya Estefany Nava Lopez, one of the two sex workers who were with the alleged criminals, according to statements given before the PGR (Attorney General), and which Reforma had access to.

The soldiers lighted the entrance to the warehouse from their Cheyenne and fired their bursts.

Patricia Campos Morales, the other prostitute, was awakened by the military gunfire.

"The sicarios that were inside the warehouse begin to fire and one of them yells 'man down', that shooting lasted between 5 and 10 minutes, after that the sicarios yelled, 'Don't shoot, we give up.'

"Then one sicario went out and the soldiers fired at him, and he managed to come back inside; he had gone out to tell the soldiers that they had surrendered and the soldiers told them, 'come out, sons of bitches, and we'll let you live!', at that point the sicarios began to surrender. Subsequently, the soldiers asked if there was anybody else, and that they would give us 10 minutes to come out", narrates Campos in her statement.

When the shooting started, Mrs. Clara Gomez ran from the corner where she was sitting up to a white pickup that was on the right side of the building and climbed into the passenger side.

"That's when I realize, thanks to the light (from the soldiers) that my daughter was lying face down, beside another boy, also face down, right by the open passenger side door of the truck I just mentioned. I heard both of them moaning, so then I get closer to look at my daughter and I touch her to see if she shows vital signs and I realize that she is still alive."

"Right then, the shooting starts again and I move to the back of the pickup where I had been a few seconds before," the mother of Erika Gomez told the office of the Mexican Attorney General (PGR; Procuraduria General de la Republica).

Cinthya Estefany Nava recounts that the soldiers reiterated their warning.

"They yelled that they would give them 10 minutes to come out, and if they didn't, they would kill them like dogs, that's when I heard a voice from inside the warehouse say to surrender and go out, and after a 10 minute period, I heard no more shots, only moaning", said the young woman.

"Yes, we surrender!" yelled one of the sicarios

The crossfire ended and, for the PGR, the casualties up to that moment were one wounded soldier and 14 armed civilians killed.

Lined up and executed

Lieutenant Ezequiel Rodriguez Martinez has declared to the PGR that, after the sicarios surrendered, he was the one who ordered three soldiers to enter the warehouse.

"I ordered Sgt. Second Class Roberto Acevedo Lopez and two troopers, Fernando Quintero Millan and Leobardo Hernandez Leonides to reconnoiter the inside of the warehouse, where they stayed between 3 to 5 minutes, reporting 22 dead", declared the Infantry Lieutenant.

warning graphic image on following page


The women survivors of the massacre have also stated separately that there were three soldiers who entered the warehouse, but it was not to make sure that there were more than 20 dead.

Cinthya Estefany Nava, Patricia Campos and Clara Gomez testified that the soldiers went in to finish off the dying men and to execute at least 10 persons who had come out of the gunfight unharmed and had surrendered their weapons.

The PGR says that there is only evidence to show that eight were executed; the National Human Rights Commission (CNDH: Comision Nacional de Derechos Humanos) says there were 15.

The two prostitutes, in all of their statements before the authorities, have claimed that they were in fact kidnapped and that, at the moment the soldiers entered the warehouse, they had their hands tied. 

They insist that, along with them, there were two other kidnapped men, also gagged.

"Only three soldiers went into the warehouse, two stayed guarding us and one went to look around the warehouse", recalls Campos.  

The soldiers took the weapons from the sicarios and took the men to a booth located on the left side of the warehouse.

"This guy wouldn't give up even though his hand was messed up, shoot anybody that moves", instructed the one that was looking around the place.  

"That's when I heard a shot and, from where I was, I bent down to look at the soldier, and that's when I saw him shoot two boys that were wounded towards the back of the warehouse on the right side. After that we heard more shooting and moans from the people," remembers Cinthya Nava.

When he started to pull the trigger, one of the soldiers who was guarding the captives yelled at him, "don't kill them!", says Patricia Campos.

"It's because he was going to shoot at me," justified the executioner.

"Ah, OK, in that case, do it", agreed his fellow soldier, according to Campos' statement.

After finishing off the two sicarios, the soldier asked those who had surrendered their weapons to come out of the booth and to form a line.

"Right then, a soldier who was guarding us said to the other, 'You don't think the shot will ricochet?', and the other one answered, 'No, it's not a problem,' then the soldier came back to guard us.

"He told us, 'put your face down, don't turn around', right then the soldiers begin shooting at the people who were lined up on the left side of the warehouse. At the same time, I heard more shots from the right side of the warehouse, you could hear moans and cries and the soldiers were saying, 'you thought you were so tough? Now take it! You thought you had balls, sons of bitches?', and they kept on shooting", Campos narrates.

Mrs. Clara Gomez says that one of the soldiers came out of the booth with the last boy who was still alive and took him to the soldier who had a flashlight. He stopped him in front of the soldier, who asked for his name, age, where he was born and his nickname.  

"Then the soldiers shot him and I heard him moaning. They brought out several persons like that and they would ask them the same thing and shoot them in the end, leaving them wounded. There were approximately 9 persons that the soldiers shot", states Clara, who says that once they fell to the ground, they were finished off.

When all the sicarios had been executed, the executioners asked the three women and the two men who were tied up to get up off the floor and then they took them to the booth on the right.

They kept the five of them there until 07:00 a.m., when the men in olive green decided to reduce the number of witnesses.

"At that moment, two soldiers took the two (kidnapped) boys towards the back of the room with the pretext that they were going to take their photographs for the record, according to them, and I heard shots", says Campos.

"I became aware that the two boys who had been tied with us were already dead along with two other people, I also saw that there were about eight people dead in the middle of the warehouse, and on the left side, there were about five dead, some on top of others", says Nava.

The landscape was a bunch of dumped bodies.

Well into the morning, Colonel Raul Castro, commander of the 102nd Infantry Battalion, based in San Miguel Ixtapan, came to the scene of the slaughter.

They took on site photographs of the three women survivors and turned them over to the Edomex State Attorney General. The two prostitutes were sent to the Federal Prison at "El Rincon", Nayarit.


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TWISTING WORDS: El Paso Not Affected by Wave of Child Migrants from Central America, Officials Say

12/31/2014

EL PASO, Texas – The crisis caused by the massive wave of unaccompanied child migrants arriving in the U.S. from Central America did not affect the area of El Paso, Texas, despite a sharp increase in the detention of minors in the area, officials said.

In 2014, according to U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the number of youngsters detained was up 38 percent in the El Paso area over 2013, though the great majority of them were Mexicans, as in previous years.

The Border Patrol in El Paso said the figure did not represent a substantial change since the area did not show an increase of unaccompanied minors coming from Central America.

During 2013, 744 unaccompanied minors were detained in the El Paso area, which extends from West Texas to southern New Mexico, compared with the 1,029 reported in 2014.

The number places the area in fifth place on the border for the number of unaccompanied youths detained, as well as of undocumented families seeking to enter the United States.

Ramiro Cordero, spokesman for the Border Patrol in El Paso, told Efe on Tuesday that the vast majority of children detained after entering U.S. territory unaccompanied come from Ciudad Juarez, right across the border in Mexico.

“Most of the unaccompanied minors that we catch are kids from Juarez, who stay two or three hours and go back. Here we haven’t had the problem of non-Mexican minors, as has occurred elsewhere,” he said.

The spokesman for the agency said the process of detention and repatriation of minors remains unchanged despite an increase during 2014 of Central American youngsters taken into custody on the Texas border, since 95 percent of all minors were Mexicans.

Fiscal year 2014 also saw an increase in the capture of undocumented families in this area bordering on Mexico.

El Paso placed fifth in the detention of undocumented youngsters in the year 2013, below Del Rio where 2,135 detentions of minors were reported, Laredo with 3,795, Tucson with 9,070 and Rio Grande, where the greatest number of minors were detained, with 21,553. 


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SURPRISE: U.S. Population Grew by More Than 2 Million in 2014

12/31/2014

WASHINGTON – There will be 320.09 million people in the United States on Jan. 1, 2015, 0.73 percent more than the previous year which saw the population grow by 2.33 million people, the Census Bureau said Monday.

This figure represents a 3.67 percent increase since Apr. 1, 2010, according to the bureau.

The Census Bureau estimated that the world population will be at 7.2 billion on Jan. 1, 2015 which is a 1.08 percent increase over the last year.

In January 2015, there will be one birth every eight seconds in the U.S. and a death every 12.

According to projections, international immigration will add one person to the U.S. population every 33 seconds.

The combination of births, deaths and international immigration will increase the U.S. population by one person every 16 seconds.


In January 2015, the world will witness 4.3 births and 1.8 deaths every second.


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Murders in Puerto Rico at 15-Year Low. Officials Remain Mum About Murder Rate by Puerto Ricans/Hispanics on U.S. Soil

12/31/2014

SAN JUAN – Murders in Puerto Rico at the close of 2014 numbered 680, the lowest figure since 2000 and a drop of 23 percent compared with the year before, something that police attribute to better crime detection and citizens’ cooperation.

The chief of the Puerto Rico Police Department, Jose Caldero, said Tuesday in a statement to Efe that the reasons for the significant decline in the number of murders are to be found in those two points plus the commitment of all the cops on the force.

“The crime rate continues to drop as we get better at arresting criminals, dismantling their organizations and taking them to court. These achievements are thanks to the commitment of our police officers together with the Department of Justice and its team of prosecutors,” Caldero said.

The police chief said that “citizens’ cooperation has also been fundamental,” because “every day we get tips that help our investigations.”

“Our plan of operations focuses on three main objectives: detection, prevention and citizen service,” the top officer of the PRPD said.

Caldero noted that the creation of a high-profile investigative division has been key to driving the crime rate down, and an example of that is the percentage of cases solved of Type 1 crimes – including murder and rape – which has now risen to 78 percent, compared with 68 percent at the end of 2013.

The drop in the number of crimes this year was 30 percent compared with 2012 and 41 percent compared with 2011, the year when 1,164 violent deaths marked the highest number since such statistics began to be kept in Puerto Rico.

Murders on the Caribbean island went on an upward curve starting in 2000, though it was after 2008, with the effects of the economic crisis still suffered in the U.S. commonwealth, when the numbers went through the roof to make security Puerto Rico’s biggest problem.

Caldero became police chief last April 29 after five other chiefs had “paraded” through that office in recent years, and who for different reason weren’t on the job long enough to carry out long-term prevention policies.

The decline in murders has coincided with the internal conflict taking place within the island’s security forces due to the discontent of policemen over their wages.

For several days during the past two weeks, cops made good on their threat to carry out a somewhat undercover walkout, with an absenteeism almost five times greater than usual.

The policemen’s ill feelings originated with the Legislature’s approval of a reform of public employee pensions, which in general were bad news for both their working conditions and their retirement.


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Spread of Chikungunya Causes Alarm in Colombia

12/31/2014

BOGOTA – With almost 75,000 confirmed cases since July, the spread of the Chikungunya virus is causing alarm in Colombia, where the government came under criticism Tuesday by a spokesman for the Medical Federation.

“The Chikungunya epidemic caught the government unprepared,” Sergio Isaza told Blu Radio. “Authorities did not implement public education measures and steps to prevent the excessive proliferation of mosquitoes.”

There have been 74,566 recorded cases of the disease in Colombia, the National Health Institute said Monday.

Chikungunya, like dengue fever, is spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito.

Symptoms of the disease include fever, skin rashes and joint, head and muscular pains.

Protective steps recommended by the Health Ministry, such as the use of insect repellants, “are individual measures to prevent mosquito bites, but what is missing is plague control, control of the mosquito population,” Isaza said.

Last Friday, the national ombudsman’s office also criticized the Health Ministry’s actions to confront the epidemic.

Deputy Health Minister Fernando Ruiz said Tuesday in an interview with Caracol Radio that containing the spread of the disease is difficult.

“Mosquitoes are present all across the continent and, therefore, a spread of the disease is inevitable,” he said.

The first Chikungunya case in Colombia was detected on July 18 in a 71-year-old woman who arrived in the southwestern city of Cali from the Dominican Republic.

On Sept. 22, an 11-month-old girl became the first mortal victim of the virus in Colombia.


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Communism By Any Other Name: Brazil to Keep Troops in Rio Slum for Another 6 Months

12/31/2014

RIO DE JANEIRO – The Brazilian government accepted Tuesday the request of Rio de Janeiro state that the army keep troops stationed until June in Complexo da Mare, a group of shantytowns where authorities wrested control from drug gangs eight months ago.

An accord signed Tuesday by state Gov. Luiz Fernando Pezao and the federal ministers of justice, Jose Eduardo Cardozo, and of defense, Celso Amorim, authorizes the army to keep 2,500 troops in the complex of “favelas” in Rio de Janeiro city for another six months in order to guarantee security.

The military was only supposed to remain in the city’s poor neighborhoods until the end of this month, but the state government requested an extension since the region is still the target of attacks by gunmen and there are not enough police available to substitute the soldiers.

The new agreement calls for police to begin substituting the army on April 2 in a gradual process that will continue until June 30.

This was the third time that the federal government has extended the soldiers’ assignment in Complexo da Mare.

“The (state) government had a problem with the campaign it opened to hire new policemen and lacks sufficient funds to fulfill the original timetable. We established a new transition timetable that is more realistic,” Cardozo told a press conference after his meeting with the governor of Rio de Janeiro.

According to Pezao, when the transition process is completed, between 1,400 and 1,500 police will be responsible for guaranteeing security in Complexo da Mare.

“Only with the cooperation (of the military) can we make progress in fighting crime in Rio de Janeiro. Without security in the shantytowns, we won’t have economic development nor will teachers and doctors come to these slums,” he said.

Complexo da Mare sits astride three important thoroughfares and just a few kilometers from Rio’s international airport.

Four years ago, the Rio de Janeiro state government adopted a pacification policy that calls for establishing a permanent police presence and robust public services in the shantytowns, long dominated by criminal gangs.

The pacification of Complexo da Mare was carried out in April, two months before Brazil hosted the 2015 soccer World Cup.

Despite the presence of the army, Mare was the scene in recent months of several clashes with drug traffickers, and in a shootout last month the first soldier was slain since the occupation began in April.


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Palestine’s Proposal to Be Presented “at the Right Time” in the UN

12/31/2014

UNITED NATIONS – The Palestinian representation in the United Nations has included several amendments to a draft resolution announced two weeks ago and the text will be presented in the Security Council “at the right time,” official sources said late Monday.

The Palestinians, supported by the Arab group at the United Nations, have for months been demanding the UN Security Council to adopt a resolution to set a deadline for the withdrawal of Israel from Palestinian territories.

United States, Israel’s main ally, had already anticipated Monday’s move by the Palestinians and on the terms that were previously announced, will veto it, so it has little prospect of being approved.

The Palestinian continues to insist on the need to vote on the text in the Security Council and is confident of it being achieved before the end of the year, a possibility that appears to be increasingly more difficult.

The issue was discussed in a two-hour meeting held Monday in the United Nations headquarters with Arab representatives, where they discussed the amendments recommended by the Palestinians, the Jordanian Ambassador Dina Kawar told journalists.

The diplomat, whose country holds a non-permanent seat in the Council, has not specified in which direction the amendments would be made, but said that they refer to the status of Jerusalem, the prisoners and water rights.

Among the applied changes, the amended proposal establishes that the negotiations should lead to a fair solution on the status of Jerusalem as the capital of two States, according to the text that leaked by Arab sources.

The version released two weeks ago said that Jerusalem should be the “shared capital” between Palestinians and Israelis.

The latest amendments also require the issue of the prisoners to be solved in a fair manner, while earlier only the distribution of water was mentioned.

Kawar said that representatives of the Arab group will have private consultations to define “what is the best time to vote” on the proposal.

The draft of the proposal, which was announced on Dec. 17, requires Israel to withdraw from the Palestinian territories before the end of 2017, something that remains in the text as amended in the last hours.

The draft proposes that within the period of one year from the approval of the proposal there should be a peaceful solution to the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians that is “fair, lasting and complete.”

United States, which has the power to veto in the Council, has already said that it is not in accordance with the initiative, according to the text that was announced two weeks ago.


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U.S. Launches Airstrike against Jihadist Group Al Shabab in Somalia

12/31/2014

WASHINGTON – United States has launched an airstrike against one of the leaders of the jihadist group Al-Shabab near Saakow in Somalia, although it is not yet known if it has caused civilian casualties.

The U.S. Department of Defense, following Monday’s airstrike, is evaluating the development of the attack and will provide details on its results later, it said on Tuesday in a brief statement.

“At this time, we do not assess there to be any civilian or bystander casualties. We are assessing the results of the operation and will provide additional information, when appropriate, as details become available,” the Pentagon informed.

Al-Shabab, who announced his formal support to Al-Qaeda in 2012, is struggling to set up a Wahhabi Islamic State in Somalia.

In March 2008, it was included in the terrorist list of organizations by the U.S. Government.

On Dec. 27, the Somalian army captured the Shabab intelligence chief, Zakariye Ismail Hirsi, near the border with Kenya.

Hirsi, who was on the U.S. list of most wanted terrorists, would have voluntarily surrendered to Somali forces, according to government sources.

This official, the second after the current leader of the terrorist group – Ahmed Omar- ended up in the hands of the Somali army three months after the former head of the radical militia, Ahmed Abdi Godane died in a U.S. airstrike.


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Government Dismisses “Rumors” of Coup Attempt in Gambia

12/31/2014

NAIROBI – A senior Gambian official denied on Tuesday that there has been an attempted coup in the country and said the situation was “back to normal” after heavy gunfire had earlier been heard near government buildings in Banjul, the capital.

Presidential Affairs Minister Kalilou Bayo downplayed information published by various local media outlets claiming that a group of soldiers took advantage of the absence from the country of President Yahya Jamme to attack government buildings.

In his statements to the African Press Agency (APA), Bayo dismissed the reports as “rumors” and insisted that “peace and calm” are prevailing while calling on citizens and businesses to go about their normal activities.

Earlier, local media had reported that mutineers attacked the Presidential Palace in the capital, Banjul, and a military barracks at Denton Bridge, which connects the city with the rest of the country, as well as other buildings in the city, the local Freedom newspaper reported.

The same paper said that at least five rebel soldiers died during subsequent assaults on the presidential palace, including the alleged coup leader, Lamin Sanneh, a former commander of the presidential guard.

On Sunday, APA had reported that Yahya Jammeh had set off for France at the head of a large government delegation for talks with French President François Hollande.

Born in 1965, Yahya Jammeh came to power in 1994, in the aftermath of a coup, and since then has won four consecutive presidential elections.


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Russian Opposition Leader Held for Violating House Arrest

12/31/2014

MOSCOW – Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalni was arrested Tuesday in Moscow and charged with violating the terms of his house arrest to take part in a protest in front of the Kremlin, the Interfax news agency reported.

Navalni was detained when he and a group of supporters were heading towards Manezh Square, outside the Kremlin walls, to stage a demonstration that had not been authorized by the authorities.

The police later escorted the opposition leader to his home, where he had been kept in preventive detention since last February, forbidden to write or receive letters or to use the telephone or internet.

“The fact that they arrested me doesn’t mean a thing,” Navalni told his followers on Twitter.

Until his downfall, Navalni was considered a serious political rival to Russian President Vladimir Putin, after he received a third of the votes in the most recent elections for mayor of Moscow.

Hours earlier, Navalni had been sentenced to three and a half years house arrest after being convicted of economic crimes, with a suspended sentence. His brother Oleg was also convicted on the same charges but ordered by the judge to serve his sentence behind bars.

“This is the most disgusting and vile of all possible sentences,” Navalni said at his hearing. “The authorities not only destroy their political opponents, they also destroy and torture their families.”

Navalni won wide support among Russians for his campaign against corruption in the public administration and was one of the organizers of the massive anti-government protests of 2011.

The Navalni brothers were convicted of embezzling nearly half a million dollars from the Yves Rocher Vostok perfumery franchise, and additional six-figure sums from a firm that processes electronic payments.

The state prosecutor alleged that the two brothers subsequently laundered 21 million rubles ($300,000) through non-existent dummy companies. 


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Tuesday, December 30, 2014

Congratulations!!!: Cop’s Obama Rant Embarrasses Officials, Spurs 2014 Nanny of the Year Win

12/30/2014

NO! NO! NOT the rant. The response from city council!!!

Our nation’s control freaks got even freakier in 2014–from jetpacks to parking apps, eco-ATMs and powdered alcohol, they were determined to kill anything cutting edge.
They targeted everything from dogs in parks to births at home, and they’ll sic cops on you for hoarding or smelling bad. You might even get busted for doing things that are legal–like vaping while driving, warning motorists about speed traps, or putting up Christmas lights.
And whether it’s yanking chocolate milkboogie boardshomemade libraries or sunscreen(?!), the control freaks are (all together now!): Doing it for the children.
It’s fitting, then, that 2014’s Nanny of the Year recipients justified their power grab on the same grounds (although the real reason may have more to do with protecting city officials from future caught-on-tape embarrassments).
Check out how one cop's rant (“Obama has decimated the friggin’ Constitution”) embarrassed a city council into taking home this year’s top dishonors!
2 minutes, 21 seconds.
Follow Nanny of the Month on Twitter (@NannyoftheMonth) and submit your nominees for next month!
Nanny of the Month is written Ted Balaker (@tedbalaker) and produced by Balaker and Matt Edwards (@MattChrisEd). Edited by Edwards. Opening graphics by Meredith Bragg.
To watch previous episodes, go here.
Scroll down for downloadable versions and subscribe to Reason TV's YouTube channel for notifications when new material goes live.

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How Liberals Put Black America Behind Bars

12/30/2014


A surprising new history about race and prison

Oxford University PressOxford University PressThe United States is the undisputed world champion of incarceration. According to the latest accounting by the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, close to 2.3 million adults are held in federal and state prisons and county jails in the United States, which is roughly 1 percent of the country's adult population and 25 percent of the world's prisoners. The U.S. incarcerates a greater percentage of its total population than any other country in the world, including Cuba, Russia, Iran, and, according to some estimates, North Korea. In addition, 4.8 million Americans are on probation or parole, which means that a total of more than 7 million are under correctional control-some 3 percent of the adult population in the United States. Nearly 60 percent of prisoners are black or Latino and roughly half of all prisoners are serving sentences for nonviolent offenses.
Conventional wisdom holds that mass incarceration of American blacks and Latinos is a result of the "scientific racism" that was established as the dominant racial ideology in the 19th and early 20th centuries and which underlay the Republican "law and order" policies of the 1970s that brought us to our present condition. But in her new book, The First Civil Right, Naomi Murakawa upends that narrative, locating the roots of America's "prison state" instead in the progressive reformism that gained ascendancy during World War II. Progressive thinkers overthrew scientific racism as a respectable belief system and replaced it with a set of ideas that were modern and sophisticated but also a more effective rationale for locking up large portions of the population. What Murakawa calls "racial liberalism" was born out of the discourse of ethnic and racial "tolerance" and "equality," which promised liberation but contained a carceral logic.
In prewar America, it was entirely respectable to believe that black people were biologically inferior and inherently prone to criminal behavior. Students in elite universities were assigned Ulrich Bonnell Philips' American Negro Slavery, the leading scholarly text on the subject through the first half of the 20th century, which argued that the plantations were "the best schools yet invented for the mass training of that sort of inert and backward people which the bulk of the American negroes represented." Policy makers and intellectuals generally accepted as fact the claim made in Frederick Hoffman's The Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro that "crime, pauperism, and sexual immorality" among blacks were biologically determined. Scientific racism was even extended to many Europeans. The National Origins Act, which severely restricted immigration from southern and eastern European countries as well as from Africa, Asia, and Latin America from 1924 to 1965, was chiefly informed by the work of Madison Grant, an anthropologist who argued that Jews, Spaniards, Italians, Greeks, and northern Africans belonged to an inferior "Mediterranean race."
Murakawa, a professor of African American Studies at Princeton University, argues that during the war against the genocidal Axis this ideology was supplanted by "racial liberalism," an attempt to reform both white racism and black disloyalty with rational, efficient, and coercive state institutions.
The foundational text of racial liberalism was Gunnar Myrdal's An American Dilemma, published in 1944, which argued that black "pathologies" were the product not of biology but of slavery, segregation, and discrimination and could be corrected by treating blacks with "scientific social engineering" instead of scientific racism. Myrdal's study was commissioned by the progressive Carnegie Foundation, whose trustees wished to pre-empt the race wars they feared would result from the influx into Northern cities of "untidy" Southern blacks whose habits "were better adapted to cabin life in the palmetto swamps." Understanding that the application of scientific-racist principles to urban blacks would only provoke an unmanageable rage, Myrdal argued that centuries of brutal exploitation and exclusion caused "American Negro culture" to become "a distorted development, or a pathological condition" that was not only debilitating for blacks but also dangerous for whites: "Not only occasional acts of violence, but most laziness, carelessness, unreliability, petty stealing and lying are undoubtedly to be explained as concealed aggression. ... The truth is that Negroes generally do not feel they have unqualified moral obligations to white people. ... The voluntary withdrawal which has intensified the isolation between the two castes is also an expression of Negro protest under cover."
By forcing blacks to live in "Negro slums" and excluding them from the civilizing influence of white schools, Myrdal argued, racists had created a population of criminals. Myrdal saw black city dwellers "walking the streets unemployed" and "standing around on the corners." Forced into a hostile relationship with whites, barred from assimilating into the dominant culture, and left festering in their social pathologies, blacks had been made to lead lives of lawless danger: "They have a bearing of their whole body, a way of carrying their hats, a way of looking cheeky and talking coolly, and a general recklessness about their own and others' personal security and property, which gives one a feeling that carelessness, asociality, and fear have reached their zenith."
To Myrdal and a generation of liberals who followed him, the answer was to modernize, centralize, and enlarge the criminal justice system. In 1947, Harry Truman's President's Committee on Civil Rights reported that by following "practices which preserve white dominance," the police and the courts had led blacks to reject the whole system.
"Out of the discriminatory administration of justice has grown a disregard of the law," the Committee declared, echoing Myrdal's claim about the cause of black criminality.
"People who live in a state of tension and suspicion cannot use their energy constructively. The frustrations of their restricted existence are translated into aggression against the dominant group. ... It is not at all surprising that a people relegated to second-class citizenship should behave as second-class citizens. This is true, in varying degrees, of all of our minorities. What we have lost in money, production, invention, citizenship, and leadership as the price for damaged, thwarted personalities-these are beyond estimate."
The solution the Committee recommended became the blueprint for the American criminal justice system we know today, including "increased professionalization of state and local police forces" and higher salaries to "attract and hold competent personnel." From this came a flood of Democratic legislation that was intended, as Murakawa puts it, to "build a better carceral state, one strong enough to control racial violence in the streets and regimented enough to control racial bias in criminal justice administration." Discretion was taken from potentially racist judges and police and replaced with rational, consistent, and severe rules.
The Boggs Act of 1952 and the Narcotic Control Act of 1956, both of which passed with overwhelming support from Northern liberal Democrats, imposed uniform mandatory minimum sentences for drug-related offenses. "Little Boggs" laws then spread across the states, instituting mandatory and often lengthy minimum sentences for trafficking and possession of narcotics. The numbers of prisoners serving time for drug offenses increased geometrically over the next two decades. More importantly, the 1950s laws established crucial precedents for the later massive escalation in the war on drugs.
National Democratic legislators of the 1960s are well known for the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts, which did serve to equalize treatment of the races under the law. They are less well known for a slew of federal crime laws that put record numbers of black and brown people behind bars. The Interstate Wire Act of 1961 and the Gambling Devices Act of 1962 cracked down on interstate gambling, and the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act of 1968 authorized block grants that enhanced the states' abilities to incarcerate youth. The cornerstone crime law of Lyndon Johnson's administration was the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, which is rarely discussed in textbook accounts of Johnson's "Great Society" programs. It established the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), which "swelled the flow of federal funds to state and local police departments" for recruitment and training of officers and began what we now know as the militarization of the police. The LEAA funded the purchase of helicopters, gas masks, infrared cameras, riot gear, smoke and gas grenades, projectiles, launching cartridges, and flares by police departments.
All this, says Murakawa, was "part of a long-term liberal agenda, one that reflected a belief that federally subsidized police recruitment and training could become racially fair." Ironically, it also followed from the assumption that federalized policing would give blacks reason to identify with law enforcement authorities. Democratic Sen. Birch Bayh of Indiana argued for the creation of the LEAA by declaring that "at no time in our history has disrespect for law and those who administer and enforce it been so general and widespread." Similarly, Sen. Joseph Tydings, a Democrat from Maryland, believed that professionalizing the police would correct the "deep-seated belief amongst our Negro citizens that equal law enforcement in police practices does not exist anywhere in our land" and would teach "slum children [to] have respect for the law."
In 1966, a memo from the Office for Law Enforcement Assistance, another "Great Society" crime agency, explained that the "Purpose and Definition of Good Police-Community Relations" was "To encourage citizens to report crime" or "at least, not interfere with arrests and other police work"; "To achieve adequate financial and other support from legislative bodies"; "To improve recruitment"; "To improve respect for law and law enforcement which has a direct relationship to the amount of crime"; "To remove the incidents which can lead to riots"; "To assist in giving the public confidence that the police will enforce the law and provide effective protection without discrimination"; and "To make the police responsive to the public which is essential in a democracy even aside from other pragmatic advantages." As we know from the record of black distrust and antagonism toward police that followed the 1960s, these dreams of socially engineered assimilation did not come true.
Murakawa acknowledges that conservative Republicans did their part to build the prison state, in particular by prosecuting the war on drugs. She details Reagan's astonishingly punitive Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, which nearly eliminated federal parole and allowed for preventive detention of defendants, and the Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988, which instituted more mandatory minimum sentences and created the notorious 100-1 disparity in sentences for crack vs. powder cocaine trafficking. But Murakawa shows that most of the intellectual and legal scaffolding of the contemporary American carceral system was erected by Democrats.
The greatest push to criminalize and incarcerate came under Bill Clinton, who oversaw more expansions of mandatory minimum sentences than any other president. His signature crime bill, the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, funded state prison construction and the hiring of 100,000 new police officers, increased mandatory minimums, and applied the death penalty to 60 crimes. Clinton triumphantly declared that the law was "the toughest, largest, smartest Federal attack on crime in the history of our country."
Democratic Sen. Joe Biden of Delaware used the law to respond to the common and erroneous criticism that liberals were soft on crime: "Let me define the liberal wing of the Democratic Party. The liberal wing of the Democratic Party is now for 60 new death penalties. That is what is in this bill. The liberal wing of the Democratic Party has 70 enhanced penalties. ... The liberal wing of the Democratic Party is for 100,000 cops. The liberal wing of the Democratic Party is for 125,000 new State prison cells."
By the time Clinton left office, the number of people under correctional control was seven times greater than at the beginning of the Johnson administration, and the black-to-white ratio for incarceration rates had risen from 3-1 to 6-1.
As Murakawa says, "there is no master narrative of conservative ascendance" in the rise of the American prison state. Indeed, it is a classic story of progressive ascendance: of modern efficiency applied to social problems and errant populations more effectively controlled. Progressives are simply better at getting the job done.
Thaddeus Russell teaches history and American studies at Occidental College. His most recent book is A Renegade History of the United States (Free Press).

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